What Do You Think About the View That There Are No Women in The Great Gatsby With Whom the Reader Can Sympathize?

Sympathy is defined as having feelings of sorrow for someone else’s misfortune. In a novel, sympathizing in a character allows the reader to relate to them. In Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, there is no female character with whom we can sympathize. However, at various points within the novel we do offer our brief condolences to each character. Throughout the novel Daisy Buchanan appears enigmatic to the reader: why is she in a loveless relationship? Why did she leave Gatsby hanging on a thread? Many conclude that the ultimate chapters prove to us in many ways that she is incapable of loving. Shown by her choice to stay with Tom for his wealth and security; rather than choosing Gatsby, for she was â€Å"appalled by its raw vigour that chaffed†. She looks down on the vulgar nature of people that try and buy their way into the upper class as he has done. However, it is feasible to suggest that she chose Tom; after all he didn’t build his empire selling illegal alcohol like Gatsby. In addition, it is possible to argue that being in an unhappy marriage – shown by her reaction to Tom speaking to his mistress over dinner – is a liable reason to which we can feel empathy for her. Despite all of this, however, it is apparent throughout the novel that she is materialistic, promiscuous and immoral. As soon as Tom leaves she â€Å"kiss[es] him on the mouth† she is not only betraying Tom, but she acts â€Å"careless[ly]† with Gatsby’s emotions. He is a character in which the reader can sympathize – meaning she is hated. Ultimately, she chooses to run away with Tom, this is her last act that convinces we, as the reader, to deplore her. Jordan is an equally difficult character to whom we can sympathize; however, for different reasons. There is only really one instance in the novel that contrasts this view, and that’s when Jordan had â€Å"met another bad driver† in Nick. This does make her emotionally accessible to us; we can feel pity for her. However, this is overshadowed by her compulsive ability to lie. Apparently, she does not â€Å"give a damn† about the end of her and Nick’s relationship; an obvious lie, yet it implies that she will move on soon enough. We will never know if she actually met someone else during her and Nick’s meeting, yet it is unlikely, as she is a neurotic fabricator. Adding to this, we notice that Jordan is a highly destructive and careless character, rather like Daisy. She casually mentions to Nick that she â€Å"left a borrowed car out in the rain, and then lied about it† She is being careless with other peoples property, lying about it to ensure she is not affected by any repercussions†. It is apparent he that Jordan does not, as a whole, evoke sympathy with us. Myrtle does not draw any sympathy from the reader at a first glance. She is the lower-class mistress to Tom. She is a poor representation of the 1920’s woman as she carries â€Å"her surplus flesh sensuously†, meaning she is rather provocative, it is also the only compliment she receives in the book, inferring Tom’s only use for her is sex; not a particularly good role model for women. She is somewhat comparable to Daisy in that her only care is money and materialism, she wants to escape the upper class, and Tom is her refuge. Her â€Å"tremendous vitality† should aid her in this. However, we can sympathize with â€Å"Myrtle Wilson† when she fulfils her â€Å"tragic achievement†. This refers to her death, all she ever wanted to do was to escape her class and accomplish her American dream, but Nick morbidly realizes that the only way she ever would is through death. Much like Gatsby, her dream is forever doomed. Myrtle, in my opinion is a character with we can sympathize the most; her tragic story is rather like Gatsby’s. In that she had an unachievable, completely unattainable dream in her sight, but it was never to be – a doomed dream. I believe all the female characters in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† have characteristics that make us, as the reader to both love and despise them at the same time. Fitzgerald has portrayed them as merely humans with certain traits and bad decisions that moulds them into who they are. All three of these women are accessible to the reader, whilst at the same time completely detached and despised. I believe that the view in question is different for every reader, as they can make their informed opinion on each of these women. As for me, I do feel sympathy for them, but only to a certain extent.

Portrayal Of Religion In Literature

Religion plays an important role in every man’s life. Its impact is manifested on every person daily affairs and his or her behavior. Hundreds of literatures that explicitly tackle religion have already been written. While the list may be inexhaustible, the Metamorphoses, Aeneid, Inferno and Odyssey serve as some of the popular literary works where a religious strand can be looked into.The fact that the Metamorphoses by Ovid composed of mythological stories printed in the form of poetry gives one the first impression that divine beings are already incorporated into the book and that, consequently, the â€Å"myth† in these literary piece may have something to do with religion. True enough, the various sections found within the book have a common subject— the power of a divine entity and how such power determines the fate of men. Most of the transformations that happen in the stories are of people being â€Å"punished† for â€Å"the sins† they have co mmitted (Ovid, p.171).This punishment of sins can be taken to mean as one way of reflecting justice in the sense that the action of man is essentially incorporated with a corresponding responsibility and that God—or religion—has a corresponding role in the provision of these sanctions. By focusing on the relationship between the individuals and God in the Metamorphoses, one can immediately draw the idea that religion is the binding force between the two, bridging the invisible—and perhaps inconceivable—distance that separates the mortal from the immortal.Metamorphoses shows great belief in the power of God such as the instance of ‘creation’ where â€Å"the king of the gods divided the year into four new seasons† (Ovid, p. 10) and the belief that every person committing a sin should undergo a punishment such as â€Å"impiety and its awful punishment† (Ovid, p. 293). All his stories tell us widely of the power and influence that G od and religion has on people. Dante Alighieri’s Inferno begins on Good Friday and ends on Easter day showing the awareness of the author on these two crucial Christian doctrines that focus on God.Dante tries to create a creative connection between a person’s sins on Earth and the sentence the man or woman gets in Hell such as the case when people are â€Å"condemned for gullet sins† (Alighieri, p. 51) and â€Å"for carnal sin† (Alighieri, p. 41). The angry people are made to stifle on mud, the enraged people assault each other, the greedy people are forcefully made to eat human excreta etc. All these inspirations grant the majority of Inferno’s moments of stunning descriptions and representational power, and also provide to shed light on the primary theme of Dante—the flawlessness of God’s fairness.Readers might feel that the torments that Dante underwent were very harsh, yet the author justifies the fact that sinners are punished ac cording to the severity of their sins. According to Dante, God’s justice appears as strictly purposeful, unthinking, and remote, and that â€Å"divine justice searches the moral character of all created beings† (Alighieri, p. 324). There appears to be no mitigating situations in Hell, and punishment is a must for every sinner. People who show sympathy to the people suffering have a lack of thoughtfulness.Taking into account his Inferno, Dante appears to be a strict follower of Christian principles, or at least a literary author who employs the Christian conception of Hell in order to amplify the main contentions behind Inferno (Sanders, p. 112). As Dante feels that fraud is a greater evil compared to violence, the main intention of the author is not to think about evil but to teach and support the importance of Christian principles. It can also be observed that Dante’s intention in writing Inferno is to show a brief picture of the terrible political activities i n the fourteenth-century of Florence.This has a major role in the religious conception of Inferno because, through the literary work, Dante stresses his personal view that Church and the State are not different but identical authorities on Earth. This reflects the idea that religion should take an authoritative role in the context of the larger society. Dante also gives many references to the Greek and Roman community. According to Dante, religion and faith takes the topmost place in a person’s life and religion has its impact on any person who has faith in God and believes in Hell and being punished for the evils and sins he has committed.Dante illustrates this point by stating the instance where â€Å"Saint Paul, the chosen Vessel, came to carry back a strengthening of that faith from which salvation always must begin† (Alighieri, p. 13). On the other hand, The Aeneid tells the story of how something great got started, how Aeneas had to let go Troy to form a new Rome . One of the most unforgettable incidents is when Aeneas weeps on leaving Carthage. Virgil shows how the messenger of the gods indirectly asks Aeneas to leave Troy (Virgil, p. 140).It is perhaps a manifestation of divine intervention, as most people call it, which leads one into the realization that a Divine entity manifested through religion has a lot to do with the affairs of human beings. Since the course and purpose of Aeneas’s path are destined and that the pain and fame he had to face in combat as the story continues cannot change his fate, God would have certainly have had a huge role in changing Aenas fate. It tells us that The Aeneid is inclined to relating how a Divine authority has the power to greatly alter the lives of men.In essence, The Aeneid shows consideration for the belief in gods in the exploits of ancient kingdoms, such as the passage â€Å"the King of the Gods has sorted out your fate, so rolls your life, as the world rolls through its changes† ( Virgil, p. 116) The Trojans moving from Troy to Italy are shown in the first part of Aeneid. Dido the Queen wishes Aeneas, but destiny rejects her, and the desire for Aeneas makes her commit suicide. Virgil wrote the Aeneid in a period of the Golden age of Roman Empire when Caesar Augustus was the emperor.Virgil compares the biased and communal circumstances of his period with the hereditary custom of the idols and Greek gods, to show that the political rule under Augustus was traditionally resulting from the gods. Since The Aeneid is filled with foresight and mystical calculations, with dreams, strange visits from people who are dead, puzzling omens, and messengers from God, it can hardly be denied that the story itself is filled with religious precepts that correspond to contemporary society.The weather is used as a power to express God’s will. The storm at the start represents the fury when Juno sends it. The Goddess Venus protects the Trojans by calling the God Neptune. A ll these instances show faithfulness in the context of the literary piece inasmuch as it reveals the significance of a deep faith and belief in God and religion. Meanwhile, Homer’s Odyssey is the story of a man with many complications surrounding him.In this literary piece, the power of God and faith in religion is shown when Greek gods come in various forms to relate with humans. The story also reveals that the gods show compassion to mortals such as the instance when Athena said that her â€Å"heart breaks for Odysseus, that seasoned veteran cursed by fate so long† (Homer, p. 79). It tells us that, although gods have superior power above all mortals, they nevertheless have (or at least some of them do have) a sense of pity and remorse for the wretched conditions of humanity.It gives us the impression that gods do have a definitive role in the lives of mortals at least in the context of Odyssey. All these literatures have one thing in common—religion or religio ns have implied meanings and consequences to the life of the characters. The characters in the literary works are widely influenced by their corresponding Divine Beings and their religion and that the differing status between the struggling individual and the powerful Divine Beings shows how one is subordinated before the other.

Course Syllabi- History of Graphic Design Essay

Course Description History of Graphic Design is a critical contextual research and survey study of the intents, influences, practices, and artifacts of graphic design. The course will be structured on readings, research, and visual presentations on subjects of designer activities throughout history with an emphasis on the broader historical context of the planning, production, form, distribution, reception and cultural integration of graphic design Student Handbook The Student Handbook is now available digitally rather than in hard copy. It can be found on the PNCA website (under Student Life) and on Homeroom (Home page, under PNCA Essentials). Disability Support PNCA is in compliance with federal law requiring colleges to provide reasonable accommodations for students with documented physical and/or learning disabilities. If you have a disability that might affect your performance in this class, please make it known to the instructor. Learning Outcomes At the conclusion of this course, the student should be able to : - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Demonstrate and articulate in discussions, writings, and visual presentations an understanding of the historical context of the creation of a work of graphic design (i.e. – time, place, culture, intents) - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Synthesize readings and lectures and be able to formulate and post discussion points and prepare visual examples for peer review and feedback (as comments) using online tools - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Utilize, and bibliographically document, a range of resources used for the study of the history of graphic design (books, journals, periodicals, online, interviews) - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Creative Practice Identify the roles, activities, and trades of communication design professionals throughout history and distinguish specific fields related to and integrated with the profession of graphic design - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Learning Outcomes are linked to PNCA’s Core Values which are: Identify and articulate the influence of fine art (theories, trends, aesthetics, visual styles) on the work of graphic designers Integrated Knowledge, Critical Thinking, & Cultural Inquiry Social and Ethical Responsibility Course Content initiate, and participate in, discussion on the planning, process, production and distribution of works of graphic design - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Effective Communication - ­Ã¢â‚¬  formulate a connection of the cultural influences on design from history with practices of contemporary graphic designers through examples, writings, and discussions Assignments for this Class: - ­Ã¢â‚¬  - ­Ã¢â‚¬  - ­Ã¢â‚¬  - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Required Readings and discussion with evidence of comprehension Weekly Subject Research and On-line Posting to Homeroom Weekly In-Class presentations Final Research Paper Topics for weekly research will include: Design during Cultural Upheavals / World Conflicts Design for Social Causes / Design for Social Good Design for Commerce, Consumption, Commercialism Information Design / Dissemination and Distribution of Information Technological Changes and its Influence on Graphic Design Design as Author, Designer as Artist, Whole Designer The Concept of Brand and the Development of Brand Identity Low Design / Bad Design Major Benchmarks in Typography Reactionary Design / Culture Jamming Expectations/Policies for this course: Students are required to read and to be ready to articulate a response to all readings assigned in class. Each week there will be an assigned subject research topic that will require independent sourcing, image documentation, writing, and on-line posting on the ‘Homeroom’ site established for the course. Each student will make a 5-10 minute presentation of each assignment postings during classtime with an expectation of the use of prepared supported notes for verbal elaboration on the material presented. In-class and on-line participation in the form of response and discussion and will be expected and recorded. A final research project on the relatedness of the topics of historical practice presented to the practices of a contemporary designer or design firm/group will be in the form of a research paper. (8-10 pages minimum) Attendance You will be allowed two absences without additional penalty – although you are responsible for any work that is missed. The third absence will result in the lowering of an entire letter grade from the computed final grade. A fourth absence will result in a final failing grade of F. Missing 30 minutes of a class period (during any part of the scheduled classtime) counts as an absence. Frequent tardiness (less than 15 minutes) will accumulate to absences (3 tardies =1 absence) Number of hours students are expected to work outside of class: This class meets for three hours per week, and six hours of work outside of class are expected. (3 credits) Grading Criteria †¢ Weekly Research Assignments timely completion / in-class presentation preparedness and comprehensiveness †¢ In-Class participation/contributions †¢ On-Line participation/contributions †¢ Final Research Paper Materials / Supplies Required: †¢ Access to, or ownership of, equipment to scan/photograph (digitize), upload and review visual and text information on a regular daily basis. (Computer and Camera/Scanner) †¢ Money for photocopying (approx. $20 projected) †¢ Flash Drive (2-4gb) Recommended: History of Graphic Design text purchases (Personal library) Bibliography The books listed here are predominantly larger volumes dedicated to a broad overview and history of graphic design. (More may be added during the semester) Many less comprehensive but key texts are available in the library as well as journals and periodicals that are specific to designers, styles, and various other edited groupings – these should be sought out and reviewed andutilized especially for more indepth study on a research subject. Major Texts of the History of Graphic Design Those mark with asterisk* are on reserve shelf at front desk of PNCA library and are available on 3 hr. check out (note: many of these text have duplicates or earlier editions and are available for longer check out periods if needed) Title: Meggs, History of Graphic Design, 4th Edition* Author(s): Philip Meggs, Alston Purvis Publisher: Wiley ISBN: 978047169902 Library Call#: Z 246 .M43 1983 Title: Graphic Design, a Concise History* Author: Richard Hollis Publisher: Thames & Hudson world of art ISBN 0500203474 Library Call#: NC 998 .H65 1994 Title: Graphic Design: a New History* (1st and 2nd Editions) Author: Stephen Eskilson Publisher: Yale University Press ISBN: 0300120117 Library Call#: NC 998 .E85 2007 (1st Edition in Library*) Students are invited to contribute to the additions to this bibliography through their weekly research and presentation. All sources should be cited using MLA citation methods. Title: Graphic Design History, A Critical Guide* Author(s): Johanna Drucker, Emily McVarish Publisher: Pearson/Prentice Hall ISBN: 0132410753 Library Call#: NC 998 .D78 2009 Title: Graphic Design in America* Author(s): Mildred Friedman, Joseph Giovannini, Steven Heller Publisher: Walker Art Center ISBN: 0810910365 Library Call#: NC 998.5 .A1 G65 Title: Design, Writing, Research* Author(s): Ellen Lupton, Abbot Miller Publisher: Kiosk ISBN: 1568980477 Library Call#: Z 246 .L86 1996 Title: Communication Design, Principles, Methods, and Practice Author: Jorge Frascara Publisher: Allworth Press ISBN: 1581153651 Title: A Century of Graphic Design Author: Jeremy Aynsley Publisher: Barron’s Educational Series ISBN: 0764153242 Library Call#: NC 998.4 .A96 2001 Other Readings: Journal: Visible Language 28.3, New Perspectives, Critical Histories of Graphic Design, Pt. 1 Critiques Editor and Publisher: Sharon Poggenpohl Digital reference (Links) sites should be added to online postings On-Line History of Graphic Design Reference www.designhistory.org Weekly Course Schedule Week 1 6 Sept Week 2 13 Sept Friday, 13 September is the last day to add or drop a class. All information (dates, times and assignments) in this schedule is subject to change at any point during the semester. Updates will be announced and posted. Welcome / Introductions Class Expectations / Syllabus Overview / Course Structure / Assignments Using Homeroom / Communication Expectations Course Resources Reading Assigned (Posted on Homeroom) Critical Histories of Graphic Design Discussion of Readings on the approaches to History of Graphic Design development Lecture: Brief History of Graphic Design, Pt.1 Read on Homeroom these posted excerpts for this class: Graphic Design History, a critical guide, by Drucker and McVarish, Communication Design, Principles, Methods, and Practice, by Frascara, Graphic Design, a Concise History, by Hollis, Megg’s History of Graphic Design, by Meggs and Purvis, Visible Language 28.3 New Perspectives: Critical Histories of Graphic Design, article by Blauvelt Also read (for this classes visual lecture): â€Å"Prehistoric Prelude to Graphic Design† from Graphic Design History, a Critical Guide, by Drucker and McVarish Week 3 20 Sept Lecture: Brief History of Graphic Design, Pt.2 Read on Homeroom these posted excerpts for this class: â€Å"Early Writing: Mark Making, Notations Systems, and Scripts† from Graphic Design History, a Critical Guide, by Drucker and McVarish Lecture: Conventions and Norms Overview of Weekly Research Project Topics, Objectives, Goals, Expectations, Methods Introduction of Topic 1: Design during Cultural Upheavals / World Conflict Week 4 27 Sept Student Research Presentations of Topic 1: Design during Cultural Upheavals / World Conflict Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 2: Design for Social Causes / Design for Social Good Week 5 4 Oct Student Research Presentations of Topic 2: Design for Social Causes / Design for Social Good Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 3: Design for Commerce, Consumption, Commercialism Week 6 11 Oct Student Presentations of Topic 3: Design for Commerce, Consumption, Commercialism Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 4: Information Design / Dissemination and Distribution of Information Week 7 18 Oct Student Presentations of Topic 4: Information Design / Dissemination and Distribution of Information Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 5: Technological Changes and its Influence on Graphic Design Week 8 25 Oct Student Presentations of Topic 5: Technological Changes and its Influence on Graphic Design Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 6: Design as Author, Designer as Artist, Whole Designer Friday, 25 October is the last day to withdraw from a class. Week 9 1 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 6: Design as Author, Designer as Artist, Whole Designer Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 7: The Concept of Brand and the Development of Brand Identity Week 10 8 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 7: The Concept of Brand and the Development of Brand Identity Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 8: Low Design / Bad Design Week 11 15 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 8: Low Design / Bad Design Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 9: Major Benchmarks in Typography Week 12 22 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 9: Low Design / Bad Design Monday, 18 November SP14 registration begins Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 10: Reactionary Design / Culture Jamming Week 13 29 Nov Thanksgiving Holiday. No class. Week 14 6 Dec Student Presentations of Topic 10: Reactionary Design / Culture Jamming Questions and Discussion Final Paper – Topic Determination Week 15 13 Dec Final Paper Draft Due – Individual Meetings Week 16 20 Dec Final Class – Course Wrap-up / Overview Friday, 20 December Last day of classes. Please note: The rest of the template is uniform for all PNCA classes, it includes: PNCA grading policy, statement on plagiarism, library & ACE. This section should be included in any electronic versions of the syllabus, but doesn’t need to be distributed to students in paper form. ACE The Academic Center for Excellence (ACE) @PNCA is a peer driven support network for students at all levels. ACE provides in person and online assistance with the following: study skills, digital tools, research, writing and editing strategies, math, professional practices (rà ©sumà ©s, cover letters, documentation), idea generation, project management, organization, and more. For more information, location and hours, please visit the ACE Homeroom site: http://homeroom.pnca.edu/sites/1019 About Your Library The Charles Voorhies Fine Art Library provides research assistance, help with citations and bibliographies and a place to document your artwork. Whether you are looking for articles, books, audio collections, DVDs, or Web resources, the library can help! For research help contact Dan McClure (dmcclure@pnca.edu) and for help with library materials contact Serenity Ibsen (sibsen@pnca.edu). More information is available at www.library.pnca.edu. Statement on Academic Integrity PNCA values intellectual honesty and encourages authentic expression, independent thinking and original writing. The College expects that all work conducted and submitted by our students shall be the combined result of original thought and ethical research. All acts of plagiarism, whether deliberate or unintentional, are considered a violation of the Student Code of Conduct and will not be tolerated on the PNCA campus. It is the student’s responsibility to be aware of and to act in accordance with the PNCA Guidelines for Academic Honesty. This is a document that defines plagiarism, discusses the conventions of ethical research and documentation, and explains the appropriate uses of source materials. These guidelines also describe the student’s responsibility for maintaining documentation and evidence of research in order to verify originality in all writing assignments at PNCA. The document: PNCA Guidelines for Academic Honesty is provided for you in the following locat ions on campus: the Student Handbook, the Library’s Homeroom site, the Academic Integrity HomeRoom site, the ACE HomeRoom site, the Foundation HomeRoom site, the Liberal Arts Homeroom site. You may also view written copies of the PNCA Guidelines for Academic Honesty in the office of Student Services, the Academic Dean’s office, and the PNCA Library. Student Information + Responsibilities Students are expected to have in their possession a current edition of the Student Handbook. Students are responsible for all the information contained in the handbook, and should refer to the handbook frequently for deadlines, policies, procedures, and responsibilities. Student Handbooks are available in the office of Student Services. Students are expected to check their student mailboxes frequently for communications from their instructors or from the administrative offices of the college. Week Two is the last week that you may add or drop a class with no penalty. Week Eight is the last week that you may withdraw from a class with a â€Å"W.† PNCA Grading Criteria This is the institutional grading policy for all PNCA students. Grades are distributed after the end of each semester. Grading Criteria Grade A: Student performance is outstanding. Student exhibits excellent achievement and craftsmanship in all aspects of work. Student exceeds the problem criteria and consistently challenges himself/herself to seek fresh solutions to assigned problems. Student exhibits a commitment to expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are excellent. Grade B: Student performs beyond requirements of assignments. Student exhibits above-average progress and craftsmanship in all work. Student meets and exceeds the problem criteria. Student exhibits above-average interest in expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are above average. Grade C: Student performance is average and all requirements are fulfilled. Student exhibits an average level of progress and improvement in all work. Student meets the problem criteria. Student exhibits interest in expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are adequate. Grade D: Student performance is uneven and requirements are partially fulfilled. Student’s output is minimal. Student exhibits minimal improvement in work. Student does not meet the problem criteria in all assignments. Student exhibits minimal interest in expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are less than adequate. Grade F: No credit earned. Student fails to meet a minimum performance level. Student does not exhibit achievement, progress or adequate levels of craftsmanship in all assignments. Student’s work is consistently incomplete or unsuccessful. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are inadequate. Pass/Fail Grade: A Pass/Fail grade will be given for designated courses in which the course content is such that direct faculty oversight of the learning experience is not possible, and evaluation on the present grading scale would be difficult. â€Å"Pass† implies a â€Å"C† grade or above. â€Å"Fail† implies less than a â€Å"C† grade and course work graded as â€Å"Fail† does not apply to the degree. Pass/Fail grades are not calculated in the grade point average. This grading applies to Internships. Graphic Design Co-op uses traditional letter grades. Incompletes In certain situations, a student may request an â€Å"Incomplete† grade in a class. You may petition for an â€Å"Incomplete† only if your situation meets both of these conditions: 1. An extenuating circumstance exists and it has prevented you from completing the coursework (Extenuating circumstances are illnesses, family, emergencies, etc.), 2. You are currently in good standing in the class. See the Student Handbook for more information about Grades and Incompletes.

Understanding Management accounting and Financial Management Dissertation - 1

Understanding Management accounting and Financial Management - Dissertation Example Understanding Management accounting and Financial Management In the modern business environment, budgeting provides a feasibility analysis of the present and future needs of the capital needs and resources. The usefulness of budgeting as a management control tool is very significant. Preparing budgets is the financial basis for modern business environments as it enables organizations to establish milestones, determine the internal and external potential of the business to the managers and the investors respectively. Many companies find it difficult to prepare budgets but its importance cannot be overlooked. Budgeting can provide benchmarks for the organizations and managers as how to conduct and control the operating activities so as to meet the required target provided by the budgets. Later on, the budgets can be compared with the actual results which can provide an analysis where improvements need to be made and which area needs more controlling. Since organizations can prepare many types of budgets such as sales budget, production cost budget, expense budget and so on, cash budget remains the backbone of the other budgets. The process of budgeting can facilitate the integration of goals of employees, teams and organization as a whole. If the budget is thought about as a control system, then in context with the modern business environment, it is necessary that all levels of organization participate in the process of budgeting so that when actual results are acquired, it can be compared against the budgets and measures of improvement can be suggested. (Davidson, 2009). In case of South-guys Partnership Ltd there are many ways in which the cash budget can facilitate management of control. Since the cash budget enables to plan to the usage of cash efficiently, it shows where the company has cash surplus in a given a time period and where it has deficiency thus enabling the management to make arrangements before the deficiency actually occurs or in other case, make plans for investing the surplus cash in other profitable ventures (Shim and Siegel, 2008). This is main advantage of cash budget that South-guys Partnership Ltd can use to create a better and efficient cash flow for their organization. Thus budgeting has the capability to provide forecast for the future needs of cash or funds before the organization can actually face the crisis. It allows for planning and raising of funds at reasonable costs and terms from many different sources (Rickards, 2006). In addition to this, modern business environment requires businesses to maintain liquidity the basis of which is cash requiring companies to maintain a minimum margin of cash according to

Critique or Develop a Policy Involving Collaborative Practices in Essay

Critique or Develop a Policy Involving Collaborative Practices in Special Education Needs - Essay Example As the report declares the rationale for the present policy is to allow the faster development of students who are gifted and talented as compared to those with normal intelligence and talents. It is an accepted fact that gifted and talented children may find their classes boring if they are treated similarly with the normal children. Moreover, said normal children may not find themselves at par with the gifted and talented thereby resulting to unnecessary conflict which may develop to some psychological disorder like inferiority complex. This paper stresses that a major finding from the study was that third and fourth grade teachers make only minor modifications in the regular curriculum to meet the needs of their high ability/gifted students. This result was the same regardless of the geographic region of the teachers or the type of communities in which they taught. Based on the above it was found out that only minor modifications are made in the regular curriculum to meet the needs of the high ability/gifted students. There appears to be a lack of implementation of the policy. The study is conducted in 2003 & has a copyright up to 2005, which means that although there exists a policy, there is a problem in the implementation of the same as revealed in the study. The advantages of having a collaborative policy is the manifest joint responsibility of the students, the parents, the school authorities and the government through regulation of the schools systems which implements the collaborative policy.

Monster and environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monster and environment - Essay Example This paper is title ‘monster and environment; Environmental Rhetoric’ and it offers three environmental critiques. According to Cahn and O’Brien (131), the kind of thinking and talking that people have about the environment matters. Such thoughts and words reveal what the people value and shape their actions towards the environment. The emergence of environmental criticism was not architecture of environmental writers rather it has been due to a slow evolution of thought on physical world and nature. There have been critiques of the humans’ relationship with nature and environment. The emergence of the industrial world extended the problem of environment and human relationship. The problem was of identifying the ideal equilibrium between preserving and controlling the nature. This problem increases with an increase of human knowledge on the physical world (Cahn and O’Brien, 131). Even though there has been an extended systematic concern for the environment, the world is yet to see a potentially good solution to environmental problems including environmental rhetoric. Meister and Phyllis (01) argue that nature is a symbol in the popular human culture. The popular human culture teaches the emphasis of the ‘use value’ of nature. Humans simply learn both unconsciously and consciously from the popular culture and practice of consuming nature (Meister and Phyllis 01). However, contrary to Meister and Phyllis’s (02), while popular culture unquestionably helps humans understand many faces of nature, understanding the environmental face of nature has proven very difficult. Or perhaps, humans understand environment but ignore its requirements. Often, popular culture redefines, manipulates and modifies thy symbol of nature in the life of human beings hence distorting the value and understanding of the environment. Therefore, the notion that if a capitalistic society subjects nature

Discuss about the movie Super Size me, and how its related to Pop Essay

Discuss about the movie Super Size me, and how its related to Pop CultureMcdonaldization - Essay Example 'Super Size Me' undoubtedly deals with the question of where company onus bleeds into personal responsibility, but the film concentrates on the more grisly results of a McDonald's-only diet and on a culture of a fast food country. Spurlock ate nothing but McDonald's, three times a day for thirty days, and imitated the exercise sample of an average American by only walking a few thousand steps a day. Although, especially in the United States, the omnipresent hamburger chain has been around for a long time, it was sociologist George Ritzer who in 1996 coined the phrase 'McDonaldization' in his book "The McDonaldization of Society". It refers not only to food but to a number of different areas. This "sweeping through seemingly impervious institutions " (Ritzer 1996) has had its impact upon diverse institutions. It is part of a massive bureaucratization of everyday life which leads to a progressive standardization (Ritzer1993). The hamburger is not only consumed physically as a material substance, but is consumed culturally as an image and an icon of a particular way of life (Featherstone). The awful revelation made by "Super Size Me" of the increase in obesity in America and, more impor

The notion of a basic right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The notion of a basic right - Essay Example There is no law or declaration needed for him to enjoy that right. Nor can there be law or declaration that can stop him from enjoying that right as well. Another example is the basic right of a laborer to receive wages. As long as one is considered as an employee, the right to receive wage is already implied. Maybe a contract is needed to stipulate how much he will receive and how often he'll receive it, but no clause in a contract is needed to establish that right, nor can there be a clause depriving him of the right to receive wages. With or without a contract, one shall be paid for his labor. So we have established two aspects of basic right. First, it is automatic. And second, it is inalienable. It is automatic because as mentioned earlier, for as long as one has the status, one has the right - no need for a grant or declaration. It is inalienable because it cannot be taken away from him. He cannot be deprived of it, nor can he surrender it. As the clich goes, no man is an island. Therefore we have evolved not just into human beings but into social beings as well. We humans cannot live solely by ourselves. It doesn't matter how big or small our community is. It may only consist of our immediate families like in primitive tribes, or it may consist of millions of people like in a highly urbanized city. The point is; we have to co-exist with another. And because of this, civilization as we know it evolved. An important part in all forms of societies is the government, as it holds the society together. It may not be the complex form of government like the one we have now. It can be as simple as a group of elders in a tribe. The important thing is they provide order and security in the community. Since the government charts the course of the community, what now is the role of the individual members If a person is not a leader nor is part of the government, will he have any say on the way the community is being led Will he have any participation at all For example, in a democracy, though there is a central body governing the people, major decisions are made by all the members, like the act of voting during senatorial or presidential elections. Individuals may also give their views in forums or survey that will be considered by the people in their government. They may have rallies to convey their approval or disapproval in the way they are being led. Participation may come in different forms. The important thing is, the opinion of a member is considered. And such opinion may influence the direction of the nation. Government Participation as a Basic Right The community is composed of individuals; a country is composed of its citizens. Hence, whatever it is the government does, ultimately, it will affect the individuals composing it - its citizens. For example, a state chooses to impose a certain tax to be used to build infrastructures. Obviously, all the citizens will pay it. Everyone within its territory is affects. And because of this, it is but fair that individual members consulted or at least have a say in government activities. However can we consider government participation as a basic right First test: Is it Automatic We have said earlier, basic rights are automatic. As such, can we say that all humans have the right to participate in their corresponding governments If one is an American citizen, is he granted the basic right to particip

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership - Research Paper Example According to Collins (2001), a Level 5 Leadership style is utilized by diverse organizations in order to fabricate enduring prominence through a paradoxical merge of individual humility and proficient will. These are certain inherent qualities of an individual which are essential to improve the condition of an organization in this modern era. In addition, in order to sustain in the age of globalization and industrialization, level 5 leaders are always significant to any organization. It paves the path of an organization to become excellent from the position of best among others in the market. Moreover, Collins also observed that along with organizational transformation, the employees are also undergoing certain specific alterations in order to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. This would augment to enhance organizational as well as employee productivity (Collins, 2001, pp.17). Apart from these, level 5 leadership style also deals with recruitment of accurate employees in order to enhance the image and the position of an organization in the marketplace. As the employees or workers are fundamental sources of an organization, exact enrollment is very vital. This is because it is the employees who are primarily responsible for the betterment of the organization in the long run. Furthermore, apposite environmental culture is also the other essential ingredient responsible for organizational success as well as a prime objective of ‘level 5 leadership style’. ... As the employees or workers are fundamental sources of an organization, exact enrollment is very vital. This is because it is the employees who are primarily responsible for the betterment of the organization in the long run. Furthermore, apposite environmental culture is also the other essential ingredient responsible for organizational success as well as a prime objective of ‘level 5 leadership style’. A uniform organizational culture can provide consistency and stability among the workers thereby improving the morale and the satisfaction towards work (Collins, 2001, pp. 17). Thus, in order to maintain a pleasant environmental culture, it is essential for level 5 leaders to be modest, determined, to have fierce tenacity, communication ability, motivational ability and propensity to offer recognition to other co-members. Apart from these, the level 5 leaders should also incorporate honesty, humility, ambition and strong will-power in order to resolve any problem. Moreov er, level 5 leaders always attempt to work for the organizational benefits rather than personal ones. Thus, the above discussed characteristics of level 5 leaders help to enhance the growth and development of an organization in the long run (Collins, 2001). Level 5 leadership style is different from other prevalent leadership styles. This is because in authoritative leadership style, the leaders force the members to follow their guidelines or regulations while resolving any problem whereas in case of participative leadership styles, mutual discussion is taken in order to solve any dilemma. The other important leadership style followed in many organizations is

British Sky Broadcasting Limited Essay Example for Free

British Sky Broadcasting Limited Essay The share price calculated for BskyB using the residual income valuation model is  £ 3.72, which is  £ 5.64 below the market share price of around  £ 9.36. Reason for such depleted share price is that the profits reported by BskyB are not showing the impact of the equity capital and hence valuing the BskyB stock on the basis of reported profit for the period doesn’t show the true and fair view of BskyB share price. The price calculate by using the residual income valuation model is showing that how the cost of equity capital has affected the profits of BskyB and thus reporting a decreased value of the company and for the share price as well. Operating income predicted on the basis of the growth rate is showing a constant increase in the operating income in the future period. It is very important for BskyB to achieve a higher rate of growth in revenues which will ultimately gives rise to the need of investing in BskyB’s operating assets and thus both variables will end up with the increased value of company per share for the next period forecast. As the value of company is equal to the net present value of future cash flows discounted at appropriate rate of return to the investor. So the company should try focusing growth in its revenue rather than expending its business in the UK and around the globe. Return on net operating assets of BskyB is also decreasing in the next three years period. The decrease is miner but this is a sign that BskyB could be in more depressed financial conditions if attention is not paid to the growth rate of revenue. As in the above graph the return on net operating assets has been dropped from 49.00% to 48.99%. As the investors are much interested in the future prospects of the company rather than the historical performance of company. At first instance the investor will forecast the value of its investment and if the investment is generating some additional amount on their investment and if investment is not generating any additional return on it then they will consider the alternative company to invest. Following would be the basic assumptions: 1- The stock price can be predicted by using the residual income valuation model. 2- The relationship of current stock price and between the predicted share prices is significant. 3- Share piece of BskyB calculated using the residual income method divided by the current share price is more reliable and appropriate as compared to the book value of stock divided by the current value of stock. 4- The cost of capital will remain the same in the period under forecast which is 5.73%. 5- Terminal value will grow at the rate of industrial sector growth which is 4.00%. 6- Tax rate will not change. 7- Company will invest continuously in its operating assets. Investment recommendations: 1-As BskyB Vodafone are already partners, Vodafone has its customer base and the BskyB has the numerous type of entertainment and various license for the sports events. Recently the BskyB has announced that for the upcoming soccer league season the company has spent 299 million pound. If company sign a contract with Vodafone to show its direct broadcast to the Vodafone users than it will not only enhance the customer base of BskyB but will also promotes its sport broadcasting channels. (Thomson, 2014) Moreover, this could be more beneficial if the company also provides high speed broad band services to its Vodafone customer on a very cheap rate by introducing some attractive sport events covering packages. As the company has a strong customer base of 4.9 million. This will certainly be increased by taking over this investment opportunity. Because the competitor there is capturing the market share very rapidly (British Telecommunications) and due to BT BskyB has lost 1.5 billion pound of its value in November. So it is much vital for BskyB to maximize the revenue by investing in secure opportunities. (PLUNKETT, 2014) 2- â€Å"British Sky Broadcasting Group Plc, known as BskyB, (BSYBY.PK,BSY.L), Friday said it agreed to invest $8 million in Luminari Capital, a venture capital fund focusing on technology and media startup companies that operate within the theme of innovation in video. This investment is expected to aid Sky to choose relevant startup companies to partner with in the future†. (British Sky To Invest $8 Mln In Luminari Capital Quick Facts, 2013) As the broadcasting industry needs continuously development and up gradation of its broadcasting technology and thus it will need investment to achieve that level of competitive broadcasting to compete within the industry and make keep its distinctive position in the UK  broadcasting industry. Furthermore, UK film industry has also called for investment from BskyB of 20 million pound annually; this is major part of the annual investment in the UK film industry which signifies the position of BskyB in the UK broadcasting industry. (Macnab, 2014) As the strategy of BskyB has always remain customer focused and the company has always aimed high to serve its customer with its robust and highly innovative broadcasting technology, from a long period the company has reaped the fruits of its consumer focused strategies. So again the company has the opportunity to gain several film licenses by dominating is position to generate considerable cash flows in future. Already the company is the choice of around 40% of the British household and such continuous significant investment opportunities can turn the ship of BskyB around the globe. 3-As the company is in the industry in which it is required to maintain a research and development for its broadcasting equipment. Currently the company pays a large portion of its earning to the supplier for the payment of equipment which it has purchased time to time. If the company invests in such a operating facility which is well equipped and has the capacity to produce the all tangible broadcasting equipment and as it will also have its RD department then off course it can innovate its products in house and frequently. This will also be considered as separate revenue generating business segment of BskyB which will ultimately increase the company’s potential to increase its revenue in upcoming periods. BskyB can also sell those in house broadcasting equipment to other organizations operating under the umbrella of the broadcasting. More over a company like BskyB must also consider the investing in the other competitors as it has already invested in many other media and broadcasting companies. this will help the company in a manner, if in a certain year the company remains unable to show increase in its revenue it will be compensated by earning revenue from its short term or long term investments. References: Thomson, A. 2014. Vodafone Said to Discuss Sharing Broadband With BSkyB in U.K. [online] 20 January. Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-20/vodafone-said-to-discuss-sharing-broadband-with-bskyb-in-u-k-.html [Accessed: 31 March]. PLUNKETT, S. 2014. Vodafone, BSkyB in talks to curb BTs broadband reach report. [online] 19 January. Available at: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/01/19/uk-vodafone-bskyb-idUKBREA0I09C20140119 [Accessed: 31 March 2014]. British Sky To Invest $8 Mln In Luminari Capital Quick Facts. 2013. [online] 15 November. Available at: http://www.rttnews.com/2224924/british-sky-to-invest-8-mln-in-luminari-capital-quick-facts.aspx [Accessed: 31 March]. Macnab, G. 2014. UK panel urges broadcasters to invest. [online] 23 January. Available at: http://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-panel-urges-broadcasters-to-invest/5065719.article [Accessed: 31 March].

Deprivation of Land Ownership

Deprivation of Land Ownership The surest way to deprive a peasant of his land is to give him a secure title and make it freely negotiable. R Schickele 1962, cited in Tim Hanstad, Designing Land Registration Systems for Developing Countries Am. U. Intl L. Rev. 13 (1997) 667. Discuss. Some see land dispossession as the cornerstone of the past colonial key economic and political policies that has lead to the capitalism as we see it. Land dispossession is not only established on land grab by use of force but also has been intensified by new innovative types of property and property regulation, confirming some of the Loakean philosophies of property and its relationship to society and its diverse make of ethnicity and race. Furthermore the title also suggests that there is a relationship between dispossession and social and economic standing within society. This article shall examine the broader implication of the above quotation and try to examine the relationship between the powerfuls (those who are economically and or socially superior to the other) ability to deprive the lesser from their land and whether or not there are any obstacles in their way, or has the whole structure been set up been set up as the title suggest to make it easier. To understand the above assertion it may be necessary to understand a capitalist approach to land and dispossession and before that we need to understand registration in context of this question and its historical development. Does this question suggest that dispossession of land is an exclusive relation between the rich and the poor, or is the relation more complex and less sinister than is been suggested. To make sense of this the article will try to first break it down to its component parts and then try to piece it together. Nevertheless ownership of land is a natural phenomenon in our societies, however in the scheme of human history this is a new development. , in the long sweep of human existence, it is a fairly recent invention. Many question arise from this statement, that where did these ideas originate, what is really ownership of land, and how can it be that a line drawn on the land by a sword can denote ownership and control. These assertion in our modern society are alien, as land ownership is so ingrained into our psyche. Surely before you are dispossessed or deprived if something you must have owned it or had rights to it first. Pre-Registration Before title registration there was John Locke. In his writings Two Treaties of Government[1] Locke summarise prehistory on land and ownership as a God (the god of the Abrahamic religions) given inheritance to the Children of Men[2] in common, this is a superstition that in this scenario one can or has a right to own land or a right to own land. However this is not John Lockes view on ownership of land. His starting position is that man has an ownership in himself[3] which is exclusive to him against all others. Then he states that that a mans physical labouring and what he creates from his own hands is also his own exclusive ownership. What Locke then goes on to summarise profoundly that then what he toils on the land and what he produces then becomes his own property too and becomes excluded from common ownership[4]. In summary what Locke can be summed up to say is that if man build a house on the land it is his house and if he works the land because of his labour it is his land, a nd thus the philosophy of Locke can be used to ascribe prehistory ownership of land. Agriculture made the mans connection to the earth more intense. Tilling the soil, making homesteads and communities all contributed to a more direct investment in the land. Nonetheless this was not the ownership of land as we know it. Historical context is incredibly significant, in particularly with concerns to land ownership, this is important and history of land entitlement started in the United Kingdom and was exported to its colonies. This history is important to the context of this article as the histories of many dispossessed people are from the former colonies. While land was owned by the Anglo-Saxon in England prior to the invasion of England in 1066, it was William the First that usurp the land and redistributed it to his loyalist in favour for services rendered and to be rendered[5]. He devised tenures, the kings loyal man provided him with services which might be providing horsemen and other personal who did the kings business, tenure. The ownership of the land thus remained with the crown. This was the preserve of the Common Law. In Pottages writing[6] The Measure of Land, he describes the archaic ways land conveyancing took place in the past (pre-registration documentation of land ownership). He describes the lengths to which potential owners would have to good to try and get good (or better) title to the land they wished to own. This could be by medieval turf cutting[7]with a sword, or to hold fate and events as to instil it into the memory of the local as a symbolic time so that the event could denote the day the land changed owners, this grew to a stage that to have good title would mean that the possessor would have as much historical documentation as trusts in writing to prove if there were a dispute that the possessor had better title, however any possessor could be dispossessed regardless of the quantity of documents at hand if someone put up a document that may show that they had had the better title by whatever means and that that hadnt to date been extinguished. Yes complicated and fraught with pit falls. Possession at that time was the first evidence towards ownership, coin the phrase that possession was nine tenth of the law accurate alluding to the fact that that one tenth could still dispossess you if you had not covered or collected all the information. However the earliest ownership of the land is near enough historically impossible to prove, so long as you had enough retrospective history on the property in your possession you would be unlikely to be dispossessed of it. The prospective buyer would need to be satisfied the chain of ownership could be evidenced to a specific point in time, before 1875 this would have been 60 years[8], in genealogical terms approximately four generations. Long lines of historical record to the ownership of land would cement the ownership of the land and the elite families that owned them. This supposition established the elite classes ownership of estate. The longer these few families kept possession of the land the more it hid in some case highly contested and disputes over land[9]. Registration In an article written by Keenan[10], she says that title registration has become recognised as a modern globalising trend in land law. Keenan say that these measures are being readily and free being accepted by governments in greater numbers across a multitude of jurisdictions globally, and where it is not being done then the world bank and the International Monetary Fund are demanding it as parts of global deals whether the purpose it to unify or make easier land acquisition we can only speculate. With the induction of the industrial revolution, came the need and the demand for more secure ownership of land. During the 1700s law relating to real property stagnated in statutory terms, however doctrine continued to evolve by judges in the courts, for example under judges like Lord Nottingham (from 1673-1682), Lord King (1725-1733), Lord Hardwicke (1737-1756), Lord Henley (1757-1766), and Lord Eldon (1801-1827) . As the industrial revolution took hold globally and trade expanded, the influence of new money of the business and industrial classes was also growing, and the once dominant wealth and political clout of the landed gentry was in decline. Adam Smith discussed in his book The Wealth of Nations that the land owners were able demand and take rent from others for very little cost in monetary term . Through the 1800s there were many attempts at trying to replace the document based ownership to some kind of registration system. The colonialist settlers living in the colonies had a different experience of societal and political experience than those who were back in England. At the time the settlements were being colonised in North America and Australia[11] by the British. As land was being possessed, occupied or settled in the colonies, a form of legal confirmation was needed in order to give the settlers security and title. So in 1857, Robert Torrens the prime minister of South Australia decided that he was going to dedicate his time in land reform and in particular to develop a land registration system for transfer of land in the colonies. He had indentified that on occasions the English system of land conveyance was sometimes more costly than the cost the land itself[12]. The Torrens System In discussing the establishment system of title and the induction of Torrens, it is helpful study the background and direction of what Torrens wanted to establish once he finally established the system in South Australia[13]. There are important difference between what was happening in the past and the Torrens system, crucially the biggest change from the past was to create centralisation registration of the Title. The reason was to combat the past systems failing and in particular the skewed character of the old system and to create a safer alternative on the central system[14]. Torrens was of the opinion that the old system was completely redundant and not fit for purpose[15] and because of this Torrens set up the new and better and principally fair system. The idea Torrens based his system on was originated on the Mirror Principle, Curtain Principle and also the insurance Principle[16]. The words may suggest the Mirror Principle in the reflection of the ground realities and the fa cts around the owners title, the Curtain Principle would hide any defects and therefore the purchaser could rely exclusively on the just having the registration document and finally the Insurance Principle underwriting any possible errors and providing compensation when a mistakes occurs[17], what this gave was provided was assurance of title and ease of use of the system. Torrens system was described as not being a system of registration of title, but being a case of title by registration[18]. One of the cornerstones key to Torrens system was something called indefeasibility, meaning the new title owner would only be liable to interest registered at the time[19]. However at the being deferred indefeasibility, was accepted[20]. What this entailed was that in case of fraud to a bona fide buyer, indefeasibility was not granted until both and blameless owner and an blameless buyer were present. This was however later overturned in court[21]. The success[22] of the system comes down it simplicity. To avoid the difficulties for the buyer when doing legal searches, Torrens Mirror principle was established. This did not give any guarantee of validity but simply provided priority if valid[23]. As Keenan says in her article, on this same subject, that, the Torrenss system made it simpler, cost effective and speedier for investors to re-sale the property for the investors then before the Torrens system was introduced. English Land Registration The first formal land registration system came about in the in England four years after the establishment of Torrens system in 1862. These were followed by two further Acts in 1875 and 1897[24]. Then in 1925, the Law of Property Act 1925 was passed and enacted. The big difference between the two systems was that PLA 1925 allowed for overriding interests, like easements[25], squatters rights[26], and lease with terms of 21 years or less[27], these were similar to some of the indefeasibility expressed in the Torrens system. Dispossession By Torrens Because of Torrens and the Curtain principle any previous historical connections with interest in and any entitlement thereto where hidden behind the curtain once the land was registered. Once registered anything that came before vanished[28], the people how did have the said relationships could effectively become trespassers on the land that they freely roamed or lived in historically. The Torrens system found great favour by other colonialist and spread quickly through the colonies like an epidemic. Dispossession The idea of dispossession has been insidious in the writings of academics and campaigners who want investigate, write detail of and confront ethnic capitalism. The cruelty of dispossession includes and is not restricted to, being dispossessed of property whether it is your land or your home, country, your tools and resources of survival, your historical back ground, language and your own person, your character, can describe in one way or a combination of ways a large number of the global populous at the currents times. The spread of imperialism across the world has not been forgotten. However the aftermath of imperialism or colonialism has left its bitter scars, but also has developed into modern forms too. Modern capitalisms has its own incarnations of reasoning, influence and manifestations (collectively known as Cultures of Dispossession. From what has already described above this article can demonstrate how dispossession has become a common place which is not exclusively to economics, societal or the legal register. The various manifestations of dispossession demonstrates irregular effects of hundreds of years of capitalist accumulation focused around action of the possessive personage and the consequent result of ever ready onto rationally and politically dispossessed of the ability suitably own or to be free. The sexual orientation/ gender and rascality is not merely dependent but are the construct of this article in the sense that these are features that are re-occurring theme in dispossession. Holistically this article is demonstrating that dispassion by title is just ones means by which dispossession happens. By concentrating on means on the ways of dispossession as one of the clear modes of authority of colonial capitalist arrangement, in this article we have already looked at judicial machinery used to dispossess. In the alternative possession has to be in the realms of the judicial belongs ideologically to a spatial sphere, that takes into account current political and economic thinking in a verity of ways. However the focus of the nest section shall be on dispossession by design. Foreclosure K-Sue Park in the article Money Mortgages and Conquest of America, highlights a discussion of foreclosure, the modern phenomena of dispossession. When the colonialist settled in America they developed on the English law that they had inherited by virtue of their origins, to develop and create their own individual and unique model taking into account and adopting to the new ground realities of a conquered land[29]. Furthermore the development of mortgage in America, followed one fundamental constructive change across the settlers kingdom (the colonies) and that was the how simple foreclosure had become (was it by default or design?) on land, bordering on land being dealt with in the same way as chattels, which was a contrast from the difference of land and chattel had be maintained in the old English system[30]. Academics have made it apparent that the everyday threat of repossession (the English word used for the America for dispossession) in the way mortgages are practiced by way of a uniquely American colonial notion[31]. The narrow window from which the American historian view their own historical prospective of property/mortgages dealings, illustrated ho that the transaction by enlarge occurs amongst white European / American during the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century. The alterations in mortgage can be described as happening earlier then some historians mention, and the interpretation of that is to assume the acceptance that the relaxed and unimpeded, prevalent repossession first happened on connection with dispossession of the natives. On the onset it has to be understood the originality of the American mortgage, and it is also crucial to realise that extremely lasting practice of protecting individual association to land in English property law before settlers left to colonise. The deeply held principle predilection was mirrored by limitations found uniquely in English mortgages. Before the seventeenth century, at the time the first British settlers setup colonies in America, it was near on impossible to detach someone from his land because of debt dealing through English law.[32] Previously the earliest documented use of land to secure debt was established an instrument known as the gage[33]. From the inception of debts incurring a cost of interest payments as a type of usury at this period, English lenders who are allowed to a gage, were allowed to collect the rents and the fruit of the land[34]. The benefits granted to lenders at that time, is not without difficulty able to connect the right and duties that exi st by law in estate currently, the benefits ordained to those lenders of the past emanate directly from the charged land. A chief justice of the king of England in the twelfth century, explained and identified two types of gages the living gage and the dead gage or the Vif gage and the Mort gage[35]. In the Vif gage the lend and adjoin the fruits and rents towards the debt with the expectation to reduce the debt. By contrast if you had the mort gage the leader is forbidden from collecting the fruit or other reciprocal benefits to reduce the amount of debt but can be accumulated as a profit to the amount of loan.[36] As the mort gage was the system that that avoided the prohibition on interest, it become the chosen gage[37]. At the beginning the right of the lender was surprisingly a feeble, but with the course if time have more likely have been able to possession for the duration of a loan. Scholar of business institute are brought closer to affiliation with the law because of the closeness of the connection actions of the association and the drama intrinsic in the great efforts among and bounded by partners.[38] Conclusion It must firstly be stated that the study of dispossession id fraught with complexities, more difficult it such a complex area is from the myriad of information and the intricate and complex writing out there, it is difficult for the author to stay focus, rather than what is likely to occur of vying off at tangent only to rein oneself back in. The conclusion for this article has to come from the writing of one of the best pieces written work read by this author, and that is from Sarah Keenans Smoke Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of race Through Time and Title Registration[39]. Why? Because Keenan has been able to stay extremely focused on the theme through-out and written a great article. Nevertheless this author has the perilous task to follow that. The main feature of this article has been the development of title registration systems and how they all seem to be linked and woven from the same cloth. Registration was developed by the forced necessity of an overly complex, convoluted system that still left the buyer at risk even after investing huge amounts of time and money. The irony of the old system is that it could dispossess some one of their title by default as the system had no safety net, there should have been a label on the old system that alway read buyer be weary. Secondly we discovered that the landed gentry liked the old system so much that we discovered to this they hold property in the old way, where it is passed down from generation to generation described by Keenan as a multi generational monopoly of estate ownership. We learnt that the same gentry that owned the land also were the politician that had to bring in law reforms. It took nearly eighty years from when the idea was first floated to the inception of the Law of Property Act 1925. The comparable and original practical system was introduced in South Australia by Torrens. While it was in principle and prima facia a good system, the undertones and its net affects were very dark indeed. Torrens system was easy to use, it was quick and it was cost effective. But in its creation was hidden the mechanism by which the aboriginal indigenous people would be dispossesses. Torrens was notably the same man who previously had dispossessed the poor Irish farmers in the Potato famine, and gave t he titles cheaply to the gentry. It may be easy to dispossess a poor man by giving him a title and then freely negotiating his property from him for next to no value. However why go through all the that when it can be done by a doctrine formulated by Torrens, this document was so popular in what it could do that it was adopted very quickly in the colonies and whole nations of indigenous people were dispossessed, whether in Australia, Canada, America, India or Africa. A discussion was tried to be articulated in this article that there were other ways of easily dispossessing poor people, one being older than we might have thought, and that is by debt arrears and repossessions or as the Americans call it foreclosure. Finally it is easy to say but harder to articulate in a limited article the many ways of dispossessing the poor. [1] Page 327 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [2] Page 327 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [3] Page 328 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [4] Page 329 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [5] http://www.wwlia.org/LegalResources/UK/ID/258/History-of-Real-Estate-Law-The-Old-English-Landholding-System.aspx [6] The Measure of Land by Alain Pottage, The Modern Law Review 1994, Volume 57, pages 361-385 [7] The Measure of Land by Alain Pottage, The Modern Law Review 1994, Volume 57, page 361 [8] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [9] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [10] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [11] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [12] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [13] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [14] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [15] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [16] Richard Wu and Mohd Yazid Bin Zu Kepli; Expedition of Torrens system in the common law world and its Asian development in Singapore and Hong Kong ;(2012) 2 Property Law Review 99, 102. [17] Richard Wu and Mohd Yazid Bin Zu Kepli; Expedition of Torrens system in the common law world and its Asian development in Singapore and Hong Kong; (2012) 2 Property Law Review 99, 102. [18] Breskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376, at 385 per Barwick CJ [19] Tang Hang Wu, Beyond The Torrens Mirror: A Framework of The In Personam Exception To Indefeasibility (2008) 32 Melbourne University Law Review 672, 672. [20] Roy A. Woodman, The Torrens System in New South Wales: One Hundred Years of Indefeasibility of Title (1970) 44 The Australian Law Journal 96. [21] Frazer v Walker [1967] 1 AC 569. [22] Lynden Griggs, In Personam, Garcia v NAB and the Torrens System Are they Reconcilable? (2001) 1(1) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 76, 86. [23] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 206. [24] The Land Transfer Act 1875, 38 39 Vict, c 87; Land Transfer Act 1897, 60 61 Vict, c 65. [25] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(a). [26] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(f). [27] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(k). [28] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan

Energy Policy of Russia

Energy Policy of Russia Introduction Russia is a naturally powerless nation, encompassed by other extraordinary powers and having no effectively faultless fringes. Furthermore, Russia is a huge, cold domain populated by assorted ethnic gatherings that generally have been at chances with Moscows brought together power. This leaves Russia with a reasonable arrangement of objectives to hold together as a nation and secure itself as a provincial force. To start with, Russia must solidify its general public under one power. Second, it must extend its energy over its quick neighborhood to make cradles against different forces. The formation of the Soviet Union is the clearest case of this basic in real life. Finally, it must influence its characteristic assets to accomplish an offset with the immense powers past its fringe (wikipedia, 2015). The Russian Energy approach is contained in an Energy staggering strategy archive, which sets out strategy for the period until 2020. In 2000, the Russian government endorsed the primary procurements of the Russian energy procedure to 2020, and in 2003, the new Russian energy system was affirmed by the legislature. The Energy Strategy record traces a few primary needs: an increment in energy productivity, diminishing effect on nature, feasible improvement, energy advancement and mechanical advancement, and in addition enhanced viability and aggressiveness. The economy of the Soviet Union was in view of an arrangement of state responsibility for method for creation, aggregate cultivating, modern assembling and brought together authoritative arranging. The economy was described by state control of venture, and open responsibility for resources. (Rousseau, 2013). Historical Perspectives Political background: The Putin regime is very much aware of the difficulties confronting the Russian energy division. Russias endeavors in the previous decade to move far from reliance on energy trades by concentrating on mechanical improvement have not been especially effective and keep the nation fixing to the destiny of its energy part. Russias technique of utilizing its energy trades as both an outside strategy apparatus and an income generator is conflicting now and again: To utilize energy in remote approach, Moscow must have the capacity to lower or raise costs and debilitate to cut off supplies, which is an abomination to the income producing perspective. The Kremlin has started creating an arrangement of strategies intended to modify the nation to the progressions that will come in the following two decade (James Henderson, 2014). Economical Background: The Soviet financial framework was set up for in the range of six decades, and components of that framework stayed set up after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. The pioneers applying the most considerable impact on that framework were its organizer, Lenin, and his successor Stalin, who secured the predominant examples of collectivization and industrialization that, has to be normal of the Soviet Unions halfway-arranged framework. In the year of 1980, on the other hand, inborn imperfections have to be clear as the national economy moped; without further ado from that point, change projects started to modify the conventional structure. One of the boss reformers of the late 1980s, Yeltsin, directed the considerable disintegration of the focal arranging framework in the mid-1990s (Jong, 2012). While in the 1980s Russia had experienced supply deficiencies, all through the 1990s as transported in merchandise overflowed into the nation, Russians could no more manage the cost of most products. Stores that had already stood void were currently supplied with a wide range of products that nobody could stand to purchase (Phyllis, 2014). Energy Background: Russia is a naturally powerless nation, encompassed by other awesome powers and having no effortlessly faultless outskirts. Moreover, Russia is a monstrous, generally ungracious region populated by differing ethnic gatherings that truly have been at chances with Moscows brought together power. This leaves Russia with an unmistakable arrangement of objectives to hold together as a nation and make itself as a provincial force. To start with, Russia must unite its general public under one power. Second, it must extend its energy over its quick neighborhood to make cushions against different forces. The production of the Soviet Union is the clearest illustration of this basic in real life. Finally, it must influence its common assets to accomplish a parity with the considerable powers past its outskirts. Russia has utilized a mixture of instruments all through history to attain to these objectives, going from farming fares to immaculate military success and intimidatio n. By the 1950s, Russias energy segment had turned into one of the significant mainstays of its financial and political quality (Rousseau, 2013). Markets: What Energy Sources have been most important; how have energy market dynamics affected Russia? Russia has always been focused on the European markets. Since then, they have been too determined about the fact they are controlling the European markets. Various new undertakings are being developed, however these new ventures might just balance declining yield from maturing fields and not bring about critical yield development in the close term. The utilization of more propelled innovations and the use of enhanced recuperation systems are bringing about expanded oil yield from existing oil stores (St. Rosemary Educational Institution, 2015). The potential oil stores of Eastern Siberia, the Russian Arctic, the northern Caspian Sea, and Sakhalin Island are pulling in consideration. Various worldwide oil organizations have secured real estate and are putting intensely in investigation and advancement on hydrocarbon-rich Sakhalin Island, despite the fact that the Russian government is pushing for a more prominent part for household organizations in these ventures. Gazprom procured control of the Sakhalin task from Shell, and it is looking for control of the displaying of gas supplies from the Sakhalin I anticipate drove by Exxon Neft Ltd, an auxiliary of Exxon. Russian organizations are likewise venturing into the Arctic and Eastern Siberian areas, impelled on by assessment occasions and lower oil fare levies. While a few new fields have gone ahead line subsequent until 2009, bringing extra fields into generation will require some investment and may oblige a transformed oil charge administration from the legislature (eia.gov , 2013). International Oil (Energy) Companies and National Oil (Energy) Companies; What International Companies Have Played a Major Role; Does Russia Have National Energy Companies? Of course, Russian owns the Gazprom Company and it is one of the biggest petroleum and energy providers in the Russian market and the neighboring area of Europe and eastern Russia. Gazprom is a worldwide energy organization. Its real business lines are geographical investigation, creation, transportation, stockpiling, preparing and offers of gas, gas condensate and oil, offers of gas as a vehicle fuel and also era and promoting of warmth and electric force. Gazprom perspectives its main goal in dependable, proficient and adjusted supply of common gas, other energy assets and their subsidiaries to buyers. Gazprom holds the worlds biggest regular gas saves. The Companys offer in the worldwide and Russian gas stores makes up 18 and 72 every penny separately. Gazprom represents 14 and 74 every penny of the worldwide and Russian gas yield in like manner (gazprom, 2015). At present, the Company effectively executes expansive scale ventures went for misusing gas assets of the Yamal Peninsul a, Arctic Shelf, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, and in addition, hydrocarbons investigation and generation extends abroad (gazprom, 2015). There is also Rosneft followed by Surgutneftegaz as well as Tatneft and Lukoil. These firms are state-owned monopoly transneft and the oil products pipelines are owned and operated by the subsidiary Transnefteproduct. Russia offers an intriguing sample of the differentiation between the attractions of an unlimited hydrocarbon asset base to significant oil and gas organizations and the issues that can be experienced in attempting to put resources into it. Global Partnership in Russia gives a novel knowledge into the joint endeavors, which have been framed in the middle of residential and worldwide accomplices in Russia amid the post-Soviet time (ucsf.edu, 2015). Energy Mix: What Are the Major Sources of Energy That Russia Uses; Has the Mix Changed Over Time? Russia is the second biggest maker of dry regular gas and third-biggest fluid fills maker on the planet. Regardless of its critical stores of coal, it delivers just humble measure of coal. Russias economy is very subject to its hydrocarbons, and oil and gas incomes represent more than 50% of the government spending plan incomes. Russia is a real maker and exporter of oil and characteristic gas, and its economy generally relies on upon energy trades. Russias monetary development keeps on being driven by energy fares, issued its high oil and gas creation and the lifted costs for those products. Oil and gas incomes represented 52% of government spending plan incomes and more than 70% of aggregate fares in 2012. Russia is the third-biggest generator of atomic power on the planet and fourth-biggest regarding introduced limit. With ten atomic reactors presently under development, Russia is the second nation on the planet regarding number of reactors under development in 2012, as per the IA EA (James Henderson, 2014). Energy Security: What Are the Energy Security Challenges Russia Faces; Have These Changed Over Time? It is all related to the relations between Russia and the European Union since Russia suffers economic sanctions. Correspondence in energy business access is a subject, which during the time has highlighted reliably at the highest point of the EU Russia plan. After some time, the issue has come to mean distinctive things on either side of the association in any case. For the EU, correspondence relates to openness of the inner energy advertise in return for access to remote markets. So also, correspondence considers the insurance of the inner business against those states that have not changed their energy segments in equivalent measure. Russia in any case, sees correspondence in connection to the status of the long haul supply administration that exists in universal gas exchange. It bargains more with quantitativeexchanges,suchasvolumes by-volumes, orassetswaps.Atthesame time, venture correspondence comes from any political accord between the on-screen characters included. Fundamenta lly, the matter is best represented through, from one viewpoint, the tenets on third nation administrators inside the EU internalenergymarketwithinthe’third legislativeMarketPackage’, and the change of existing and reception of new Russian enactment on the support of outside organizations inside its energy area. In 2007, the European Commission tabled a bundle of proposition to change the inward energy market. The bundle included solid tenets on the partition of systems from exercises of creation and supply and a correspondence provision (Aron, 2013). Energy Economic Development: What Role Have Which Energy Sources Played in the Russian’s Economy? The quick test to common gas rents, then again, is a sharp loss of benefit in view of the opposition from option methods of generation made conceivable by new advances. The last incorporates even penetrating to tap shallow yet expansive stores and water powered breaking when sand, chemicals, and water, gel, or condensed gasses are infused under incredible weight into shale rock developments to concentrate gas and oil. Therefore, throughout the most recent decade US gas imports have contracted by 45 percent. Much more than Russian oil, regular gas rents are liable to psychologist altogether in the impending years. Notwithstanding Gazproms infamous defilement and international transparency positioned it among the minimum straightforward organizations on the planet (eia.gov, 2013). Putins dedication to oil and gas as the backbone of Russias advancement originates from a profound and withstanding feeling about its significance to the countrys economy. Much sooner than he came to power, he had accepted that the rebuilding of the national Russian economy on the premise of mineral and crude material assets was a key component of financial development in the close term. One of the worlds two biggest oil makers and the main supplier of regular gas to Europe, Russia has progressively utilized its incomes from energy fares to reinforce the Putin administration. As new, less expensive energy suppliers develop and the business gets to be leaner and more aggressive, Russia needs to reduce its reliance on benefits from these assets on the off chance that it is to dodge stagnation and perhaps a monetary emergency. The administration needs to actualize profound institutional changes to make a superior speculation atmosphere and enhance the economy, yet in doing as such it da ngers undermining the tyrant vertical of force (Lanthemann, 2013). Governance: How Has Russia Dealt With Energy Issues? Fundamentally, the EU essentially unrealistic to fly a lot of characteristic gas from some other source. In light of the current numbers, and all the more particularly, it can be presumed that, regardless of the possibility that we include the Azerbaijani characteristic gas, shale gas in North America and common gas, which can be imported from the Eastern Mediterranean, we get less 50 billion cubic meters, that is, the aggregate utilization every year. As it were, the volume of gas from all these option sources will meet stand out third of the characteristic gas that we purchase in Russia, and just 10% of aggregate utilization in Europe. Second, to the offer 2035-imported gas taken together utilization of regular gas in Europe will increment from the current 66% to 84%. On the off chance that these information are broke down in light of the way that the North Sea stores are lessened, the European business is under extreme weight in a circumstance. Europe is not preceding the investig ations. Third, the interior strife in Iraq and Libya determine these nations past the energy segment (U.S. Library of Congress, 2015). Sustainability Justice: What Are the Main Sustainability Issues Facing the Russia? How Has It Sought to Deal With These Issues? Energys helpfulness as a method for accomplishing Russias three principle objectives has adjusted over the long run in light of the fact that Russia has needed to change its techniques relying upon shifts in household or global circumstances. Moscows quality lies in its adaptability in dealing with its energy segment. Past fare incomes, the energy division has added to the production of a locally steady and industrialized state. Russias household energy utilization is high because of to a great degree chilly climate for a large portion of the year, yet notwithstanding inefficiencies inside the energy part and the expense of creating energy, the nations residential stores have empowered Moscow to give its subjects and the businesses that utilize them with low energy costs (Phyllis, 2014). Conclusion Finally, the energy segment additionally adds to Russias capacity to grow its impact to its prompt neighbors. Moscows utilization of energy as influence in the support states contrasts from nation to nation and extents from controlling local energy generation. Swinging to option oil and gas trading nations may give a short to medium-term arrangement; be that as it may, Europes emphasis on lessening its reliance on Russia redirects consideration from the locales proceeded with dependence on hydrocarbons. The southern Gas Corridor may sidestep Russia and Iran, however, by all evidences Europe would remain excessively subject to hydrocarbon energy trades from a locale that remaining parts inside Russias range of authority, albeit to a lesser extent a firm hold than beforehand. As opposed to the proceeding with prioritization of energy security connected to the fare and import of oil and gas, the eventual fate of energy security for both Europe and Russia lies in the expansion of energy assets and in moving far from a reliance on fossil fills (Aron, 2013). References:

Physics in Computer Games :: Physics video games computer

Physics is one of the key elements of any computer game or animation. This is especially true, when it comes to 3D environments. Physics applies to every aspect of the real world, from how objects act on each other through obvious collisions down to the more in depth conservation of energies and momentums. These same concepts apply to Computer Generated Environments (CGE). 3D CGEs always require a few key laws to be followed in order for them to look at least somewhat realistic. Without at least implementing these simple physics concepts, the interaction of polygons will look unrealistic. Polygons can easily be treated as simple masses, and thus, applying physic law to them is simple. One of the most important laws that must be followed is the Law of gravity. Without gravity, objects will either simply float about aimlessly. Making objects stick to the ground isn't a solution, or falling objects would hit the ground instantaneously, and it would look pretty terrible. The Laws of gravity must be followed. Second, the three laws of Newton must be followed. They describe the way that forces act on objects. The 3 laws simplified are as follows: 1. Velocity remains constant unless a force acts on the object. 2. Sum of the forces equals the product of the mass and its acceleration. 3. For every action, there is an equal reaction, just opposite in direction. Third, are the conservations. This includes Conservation of Momentum, Conservation of Energy, and Conservation of Torque. This page wont get into the latter, since it isn't really necessary for CGEs. To get more information about any of these Physics concepts and laws and how they apply to 3D CGEs, use the menu to browse the rest of the site. Have Fun! Don't hurt yourself, and keep an eye out for an easter egg. Gravity is one of those things that simply has to exist. A CGE that lacks gravity will more than likely have some other form of keeping objects together and on a plane, such as simply making all the objects stick to the ground. This isn't the best way to go about doing this. Gravity would create a much more realistic emulation of reality. Sure, objects simply tied to the ground can work, but if these objects were to fall, then the fall would have to be pre-rendered, or sequenced. A simple change in the height from which an object falls, and this wouldn't look realistic. The object would look as if fell too quickly, or the environment would be limited to set height increases. Physics in Computer Games :: Physics video games computer Physics is one of the key elements of any computer game or animation. This is especially true, when it comes to 3D environments. Physics applies to every aspect of the real world, from how objects act on each other through obvious collisions down to the more in depth conservation of energies and momentums. These same concepts apply to Computer Generated Environments (CGE). 3D CGEs always require a few key laws to be followed in order for them to look at least somewhat realistic. Without at least implementing these simple physics concepts, the interaction of polygons will look unrealistic. Polygons can easily be treated as simple masses, and thus, applying physic law to them is simple. One of the most important laws that must be followed is the Law of gravity. Without gravity, objects will either simply float about aimlessly. Making objects stick to the ground isn't a solution, or falling objects would hit the ground instantaneously, and it would look pretty terrible. The Laws of gravity must be followed. Second, the three laws of Newton must be followed. They describe the way that forces act on objects. The 3 laws simplified are as follows: 1. Velocity remains constant unless a force acts on the object. 2. Sum of the forces equals the product of the mass and its acceleration. 3. For every action, there is an equal reaction, just opposite in direction. Third, are the conservations. This includes Conservation of Momentum, Conservation of Energy, and Conservation of Torque. This page wont get into the latter, since it isn't really necessary for CGEs. To get more information about any of these Physics concepts and laws and how they apply to 3D CGEs, use the menu to browse the rest of the site. Have Fun! Don't hurt yourself, and keep an eye out for an easter egg. Gravity is one of those things that simply has to exist. A CGE that lacks gravity will more than likely have some other form of keeping objects together and on a plane, such as simply making all the objects stick to the ground. This isn't the best way to go about doing this. Gravity would create a much more realistic emulation of reality. Sure, objects simply tied to the ground can work, but if these objects were to fall, then the fall would have to be pre-rendered, or sequenced. A simple change in the height from which an object falls, and this wouldn't look realistic. The object would look as if fell too quickly, or the environment would be limited to set height increases.